Soil and groundwater remediation
Application and Activation Guides
Our application guides provide clear, practical instructions for using in situ remediation technologies across soil and groundwater projects. They cover slurry preparation, injection methods, soil mixing, permeable reactive barriers, and activation approaches for oxidative and reductive treatments. Each guide helps remediation professionals plan, apply, and verify effective in situ treatment, including ISCO and ISCR strategies, under a wide range of site conditions. Use these resources to support safe, efficient, and technically sound subsurface remediation.
Application guides
DARAMEND® Reagent supports effective treatment of excavation backfills and trench‑style permeable reactive barriers (PRB) by combining microscale ZVI with long‑lasting organic carbon to address chlorinated solvent impacts in shallow groundwater. The guide outlines recommended dosing, mixing methods, and installation considerations to help ensure uniform distribution and maintain hydraulic conductivity. It also provides practical handling and safety information for environmental remediation professionals.
The EHC® Liquid Mixing Guide explains how to prepare and dilute the two‑part formulation—ELS® Microemulsion and the EHC® Liquid Mix powder—for groundwater remediation via wells or hydraulic injection networks.
It outlines recommended dilution ratios, injection volumes, and a clear step‑by‑step mixing procedure to help remediation professionals achieve homogeneous distribution in the subsurface. The guide also provides essential handling and safety information for environmental professionals working with in‑situ chemical reduction (ISCR) technologies.
The EHC® ISCR Reagent Application Guide outlines the essential baseline parameters needed to design and evaluate in situ treatment strategies for sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents. It details the critical soil and groundwater chemistry, contaminant profiles, and competing electron acceptors that influence effective ISCR treatment and ISCR remediation, including parameters such as CVOCs, redox conditions, metals, anions, and organic carbon.
The guide also explains how to interpret degradation pathways and end products to assess natural attenuation and post‑injection performance. It supports remediation professionals by defining the data required for successful ISCR and ISCO-based subsurface remediation.
The EHC® Reagent Placement Evaluation for Field Applications guide explains how to assess the distribution and radius of influence of EHC® during in situ treatment using direct‑push injection methods. It outlines practical field techniques—such as visual inspection for dark EHC‑amended zones and magnetic separation to detect ZVI—to verify effective ISCR performance.
The guide also describes optional laboratory analyses to evaluate soil and porewater conditions relevant to subsurface treatment. It helps remediation professionals confirm successful reagent placement for reliable ISCO and ISCR remediation.
The EHC® Reagent Slurry Preparation and Application Guidelines explain how to prepare and apply EHC® for in situ treatment using excavation placement, permeable reactive barriers (PRBs), soil mixing, and direct‑push injection. The guide details how to mix EHC® into soil or backfill, how to prepare slurries with appropriate solids content, and how to manage injection spacing, pump requirements, and flow conditions for effective ISCR remediation.
It also outlines practical considerations such as minimizing daylighting, adjusting slurry viscosity for different lithologies, and maintaining continuous mixing during application. These instructions help remediation professionals achieve reliable ISCO and ISCR performance across a range of subsurface conditions.
The ELS® Microemulsion Mixing Guidelines explain how to prepare and dilute ELS® for in situ treatment of groundwater using wells, injection networks, or direct‑push technology. The guide outlines recommended dilution ratios, mixing procedures, and equipment needs to achieve uniform distribution and support effective ISCR performance.
It also provides practical instructions for handling the emulsion, adjusting injection volumes, and incorporating additives when required. These guidelines help remediation professionals apply ELS® safely and efficiently across a range of subsurface conditions, including ISCO and ISCR remediation strategies.
This guide explains how to prepare a stable, fully soluble iron sulfide solution by combining GEOFORM® Soluble Mix with ELS® products under controlled, anaerobic conditions.
It outlines the required equipment, water preparation steps, and mixing sequence to achieve the correct pH range and a homogeneous injection solution. Practical notes on gas evolution, circulation, and emulsion formation help ensure smooth field implementation.
The document provides a straightforward workflow that supports reliable subsurface delivery and safe handling.
KLOZUR® CR combines KLOZUR® SP and PERMEOX® Ultra in a single, ready‑to‑apply slurry that delivers both activated persulfate oxidation and sustained bioremediation, helping customers address complex contaminant mixtures more efficiently. The guide explains how to prepare a stable slurry, select compatible tanks and pumps, and apply the amendment through direct‑push injection or backfill methods for effective subsurface distribution.
Clear recommendations on mixing, soil acceptance, and safety support smoother field operations and reduce the risk of equipment issues or incomplete delivery. This guidance helps remediation professionals achieve consistent subsurface distribution, reduce onsite uncertainties, and apply KLOZUR® CR effectively across varying geological conditions.
An overview of application guidelines for KLOZUR® KP.
General guidelines for product batching, injection strategies, soil mixing, and safety and handling.
Slurry preparation overview and guidance for injection approach.
Frequently asked questions about using TERRAMEND® technology for in situ and ex situ soil treatment.
TERRAMEND® Reagent for surface treatment of petroleum hydrocarbons.
Slurry preparation overview and guidance for excavation, in situ mixing and direct injection.
For baseline sampling prior to PERMEOX® Ultra and PERMEOX® Ultra Granular applications.
KLOZUR® SP Activator Chemistries
Activators are used with KLOZUR® SP to convert the persulfate anion, a strong but kinetically slow oxidant, into the sulfate radical, a much stronger and kinetically faster oxidative species capable of destroying a wide range of organic contaminants. Evonik is the owner or exclusive licensee of several patented methods to activate persulfate: heat, high pH, metals and chelated metals, hydrogen peroxide and zero valent iron (ZVI). The choice of activator system is dependent on several criteria, including the type of contaminants targeted, the application method, site hydrogeology and lithology, and other site conditions such as the presence of structures and underground utilities.
KLOZUR® activation guides
HIGH PH (ALKALINE) ACTIVATION
High pH activation is a widely used activation approach for KLOZUR® persulfate that can treat a broad range of contaminants, including chlorinated ethenes, chlorinated ethanes, chlorinated methanes, BTEX, TPH, PAHs, alkanes, MTBE, 1,4-dioxane, chlorinated benzenes, and pesticides. The target pH for proper activation is in the range of 10.5–12. KLOZUR® Caustic (25% environmental grade NaOH) can be used for in situ injection applications. We don't recommend using NaOH solutions greater than 25% due to a high heat of mixing. For soil blending applications, hydrated lime is generally used. High pH activation provides efficient activation while maintaining persulfate longevity within the subsurface. The alkalinity can also provide additional benefits by increasing desorption of contaminants from soil surfaces or aid in the dissolution of non-aqueous phase liquids for better contact with the KLOZUR® persulfate. In addition, persulfate solutions at high pH are known to generate super oxide radicals, providing a source of reductive species capable of destroying compounds such as carbon tetrachloride.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ACTIVATION
Hydrogen peroxide can be used to activated KLOZUR® persulfate for the treatment of a wide range of contaminants, including chlorinated ethenes, chlorinated ethanes, chlorinated methanes, BTEX, TPH, PAHs, alkanes, MTBE, 1,4-dioxane, chlorinated benzenes, and pesticides. Typical use rates are 5:1 moles hydrogen peroxide to moles KLOZUR® persulfate (46.2 gallons of 17.5% hydrogen peroxide per 100 lbs of KLOZUR® persulfate). We don't recommend injecting hydrogen peroxide solutions in excess of 17.5%. Hydrogen peroxide, through reaction with persulfate and generation of heat due to decomposition, activates the KLOZUR® persulfate rapidly, providing an aggressive approach to treating recalcitrant compounds, but resulting in a shortened persulfate lifetime in the subsurface.
CHELATED IRON ACTIVATION
Use of iron to activate KLOZUR® SP is very effective for the remediation of chlorinated ethenes, BTEX, chlorinated benzenes, 1,4-dioxane, MTBE and low molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The use of a chelating agent, such as EDTA or citrate, helps to maintain iron solubility and transportability at elevated pH’s. Determination of the amount of iron needed is straightforward and dependent upon the volume of groundwater to be treated. Chelated iron provides efficient activation while maintaining persulfate longevity within the subsurface. It is recommended to prepare solutions of chelated iron and KLOZUR® persulfate in separate mixing tanks and mix them together prior to the well head. pH of the injected solution and resultant groundwater pH may become as low as 2.